Angelas Ashes

Chapter Three â€Å"He makes more tea and we have that with bread and jam so no one can say we didn't have a sweet Christmas. † McClure Page 101 Even though they went through all the despairs of the year and the embarrassment of carrying a pig head to have a happy they were still able to have a happy Christmas dinner. Chapter Four â€Å"l wanted the raisin to myself but This shows how selfless Frank is. Payday Cloche's that had standing in Even though he wants the raisin h the corner with no shoes and the mom was freezing and he was gives it to someone who will cherish shivering like a dog had been kicked it more than him. ND I always felt sad over kicked dogs so I walked over and gave Payday the raisin†¦ † McClure page 121 Chapter 5 â€Å"Sixpence will get the two of us in Since Frank doesn't want to take with outplace left Sleeves toffee. Dance he uses the money to enjoy McClure page 143 the luxuries he's not used too. Chapter 6 â€Å"His father is in a bed in the corner groaning and spitting into a bucket. † McClure page 164 It seems that in Franks day, death as more common than now especially for the people in poverty.Frank learns at an early age that death is inevitable. Chapter 7 â€Å"One of our prayers is surely powerful because, next summer Mackey himself is carried off by the GA Looping consumption†¦ † McClure Page 172 Franks life seems too surrounded by death. Ifs also ironic how Mackey wanted his siblings to die not knowing that his time was coming up slowly Chapter 8 † Patricia is gone and I'll never know what happened to the highwayman and Bess the landlord's daughter† Frank seems to be unpleased by Patrician's death.Since he so used to it, he barely flinches when Hess told McClure page 199 the news. He is more concerned on how the poem ends. Chapter 9 † She tells me give my eyes a good rib and make them look as red as I can for the worse you look at the Dispensary the more pity you get the better chance of getting the public assistance. † McClure page 232 In this chapter, since their father is using his check on beer in England, Angela has to get public assistance. She basically loses all of her dignity n the process.

Burlington Norhtern- The Ares Decision Essay

The purpose of management in sectors of an economy and control systems is to achieve goals and objectives of an organization with ease and at least cost. The ultimate purpose of any system is that it should be â€Å"in control† rather than â€Å"controlling people† (Simons 2000). Systems which are in ‘perfect control’ other than controlling them show profound differences between the two concepts and the ability to achieve their goals with ease. Both the internal and external environments impact an organization control structure. There are four paradigms that forms the framework around which the theme of understanding of controls is built (Simons 2000)In the first paradigm is one that enables organization to adapt themselves to their environment knowing what they want and how to achieve it with ease,. When an organization decides what they want, the process is referred to as part of control system. The process would either be based towards centralization or decentralization. Purpose would be, to effectively adapt to the changing environment. When an organization is able to identify and discover the best strategies and instruments of control, it is headed towards success. (pp 2) The second paradigm of the control system comprehensively covers the activities and behavior of top management levels of the organization (described as management controls), process (operational control) and task or transactional control; at the Grass-Root level (pg 3). The paradigm emphasizes on the integration at the board levels of the management team (management controls) The third paradigm explores the explicitly democratic and participative styles of management due to the growth in the field of information technology and knowledge management. This has resulted in research on management control and its relationship with strategic management. The paradigm deals with coordinating control systems with self control and designing and implementing systems for controlling the not-so-sincere people. The fourth paradigm deals with the adaptive theory of human behavior. Simons assumes that human beings want to contribute, achieve innovate and work competently even though they do not want to have specific external inducements to be so. Generation and implementation of adaptive control strategies are quite capable by human beings. This can be achieved through mutual consolation without an external force t make them fall in like and work for the organization. Everybody doing a business or government owned organization are looking for growth. Sufficient profit is thus essential to support market expectations. The problem arises when the top management pushes too hard for profit and does not have the right controls in places. In such cases employees may start to do dumb things like misusing revenues or making unethical decisions. In response to the above the company should therefore employ all sorts of controls. It should also be noted that if they go overboard in that same direction, the businesses will risk becoming internally focuses loosing growth power. This forms the basis of our paper in which we shall discuss the variety of forces in a business and to maintain the ultimate challenge. The Burlington Northern Rail Road (BN) was created in 1970 by the merger of four rail roads, Chicago Burlington and Quincy railroad; Northern pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, and the Spokane; Portland and Seattle Railway Co. In 1980 another railway the ST. Louis-San Francisco Railway co. (Frisco) was acquired and merged into BN- (oligopoly watch 2003). BN decision to delay to deploy the ARES was as a result of perhaps because of the high price tag associated with the system wide application. The â€Å"Amtra Ares† would benefit the Burlington Northern by working an advanced train control system. Passengers would benefit with on time improvement in performance, reductions in running time and continuous communication for increased services reliability. The Ares deployment would cause a vast improvement in the management on safety of trains on any given rail. It enables the railroad to determine the exact location of train. If implemented ARES will permit an additional capacity on rail lines and better enable trains to be dispatched faster. In addition the technology will also permit timely monitoring of the mechanical conditions of equipment. (Oligopoly watch briefs 2003) The company also faces major competition form other established rails in US and therefore the industry profitability depends on porters five forces model for likely profitability. As porter (2005) a business has to understand the dynamics of its industries and markets in order to compete effectively in the market place. He contends that the competitive environment is created by the interaction of the five different forces acting on a business. (Bowman and Davviney 1997) The original competitive forces as proposed by porter, identified forces which would impact on an organization’s behavior in a competitive market. The analysis focused on the following areas:- †¢ The rivalry between existing sellers in the market †¢ The impact of the suppliers on the sellers †¢ The potential threat of new sellers entering the market. †¢ The threat of substantial products becoming available in the market. †¢ The power that is exerted by the customers in the market. The analysis are well illustrate in table in Appendix I DEGREE OF RIVALRY The Company faces major competition from other railway operators and means of transport. Rivalry determines the extent to which the value created by an industry will be dissipated through head-to-head competition. The concentration of alternative means of transport in the region seem to be a factor that affecting the effectiveness of the industry. ( High Beam Encyclopedi) †¢ The nature of the cost of transport should be variable in order to attract ore travelers to use that means of transport. †¢ The capacity of the rail should be considered by the management to accommodate more people and goods. †¢ They should also focus of market growth to increase competition and this shows their stability. †¢ In terms of operation and customer service their mode should be different from other lines in operation. THE THREAT OF ENTRY Porters admit that both potential and existing competitors influence average industry profitability. This threat is usually based on the market entry barriers. Entry barriers exist when it is difficult to economically operate for an outside in an industry already saturated with incumbents. The company faces loss threats from other competitors in terms of economics of scale. The benefits derived from such operation is worth noting and can be utilized to keep the company making other contracts in to industry faces challenges and barriers such as cost of entry, distribution channels and may lack differentiation. THREATS OF SUBSTITUTE When a company is faced by the threat of substitute products that pose to its profitability; it will depend on the relative price-to-performance ratios on the different types of services or products that the customer can turn to satisfy his basic needs. †¢ The company should know that there are major alternatives to rail transport and that customers can use other means eg. Air and road. †¢ The threat of switching out should also be discovered as a factor that can affect their competitiveness in that these costs are incurred when retaining, retooling and redesigning when a customer switches to a different mode of transport. †¢ The company should be sensitive on their pricing system which should be in tandem or cheaper with other alternatives. †¢ When designing substitutes of their own such as luxury coaches they should consider if they can do without it other than adding extra costs. BUYER POWER Buyer power influences the appropriation of the value created by an industry/company. The concentration of customers and size determines the buyer power. Other factors depend on how the company has marketed itself to the customers and differentiation of the competitors. The company poses credible threat of backward integration form the travelers who are their frequent customers. They should focus much on their maintaining the customers’ base through service improvement. The declining number of customers also does not frequent the route, their bargaining power towards the company falls means of attracting them back should be developed. SUPPLIER POWER This typically focuses on the relative size and concentration of companies offering similar services to the industry participants and degree of differentiation. The ability of a company to charge customers different prices in line with different in the value created indicates that there is high supply of services with low supply power For the supply power of Northern railway to exist the company should: †¢ Maintain their brand name power in recognizable in the market. †¢ Create different values in services offered with different prices. †¢ Able to counter any increasing threat of forward integration that wills an increasing number of travelers. †¢ Ensure that the customer is well informed of his services. †¢ The merger of the four companies is a strong point they should maintain. Case #2 Burlington industry must capitalize on the stability and management control it has instituted over the years it has been in operations. Also begin planning and reporting by business line and should identify activities and functions that led themselves to competition. This is because the company faces a serious problem when it comes to regulating the railway transport. Use of technologies such as ARES should be encouraged by this company. The following measures as stated above cn help them to solve this internal problems. 1. Management control They should try to reinforce what they already have accomplished over the years. Substantial structural and operating changes can result in increased stability, expense control and an effective program of capital reinvestment. The restructuring effort should:- †¢ Reduce management levels clarify roles played by authority and enhance accountability. †¢ Should have regular reporting. †¢ Control budget †¢ Focus on its core duty of passenger rail service. 2. Planning and reporting by business line Accountability in their financial transactions is one major factor they should consider. Transparency should be provided along the companies operating profile to facilitate management and god policy decision. In infrastructure management good technology like ARES which can help them control traffic should be deployed. Such structures would bring a different dimension which not only focuses on the cost of each line of operation but the mission, goals and market opportunities associated with the company. The management accountability should go hand in hand with the performance for each business line and this includes on time performance and customer service. 3. Advance Competition The utimage goal of Northern rail line should be to focus on maintaining a vibrant passenger rail system with a competitive supply of service industry and delivery. This objective should be supported through †¢ The development of an activity based analytical capabilities that elatify the cost of individual business lines. †¢ By enhancing the carrying out a comprehensive review and implementation of operating efficiencies. 4. The company should focus on delivering services in a cost effective manner as possible. They should also identify opportunities for revenue advancement and savings. This can be achieved through: †¢ Embracing innovation, marketing and pricing strategies. †¢ Creating flexible work rule that will enhance operational efficiency while maintaining service quality. †¢ Timely scheduling of departure and arrivals to reduce cost. †¢ Invest in technology such as ARES that will improve productivity, help solve internal problems and failures. 5. Customer service and time performance. In order for the company to have an even customer service it should focus on the following:- †¢ Develop a highly skilled, service oriented workforce which has the capacity to interact well with customers. †¢ Create timely dispatch and arrival times which will avoid congestion. †¢ Evaluate on areas where improved customer care can be achieved at a lower cost through outsourcing of services. Case # 3 The future on the success of Burlington Northern rail depends upon its inputs form the high traffic volumes, higher revenues yields while ensuring operating capacity is sufficient to match demand and lowered unit costs. They therefore need or are obligated to address these issues in grater details superior performance will only flow if the company gets better at managing new care competencies like pricing, capacity, networks and schedules. In addition o making improvements in general productivity the company should have better cost management by addressing this cost disparities in comparison with other transport modes. Burlington should move from a constraint driven environment to a market driven one with an aim of capturing and retaining the market share. This will be achieved if they offer excellent services to customers and ensure that resources are used properly. Failure to comply with such minor issue will push them out of business as they lose market share. Case # 4 The advanced Railway electric system (ARES) is important if implemented would address traffic and increase yield through market planning and scheduling technology. The increase operating would lower operating cost. The management science techniques as they are called are being used for queuing, decision, information, statistics as well as stimulation, operation research and linear programming. The new approach for planning and re-configuring rail networks are opening up key opportunities and major savings. To maintain a competitive advantage the company should aim at developing high speed rail networks and advanced scheduling though ARES a key factor in matching out to demand. The increase in demands calls for an effective system to build schedules to meet the changing demand, both constraint driven and market driven criteria. The system makes it possible to choose between all alternatives and find best arrangements tailored to meet the organizations conditions. If Burlington does not implement ARES it is faced with and impending threat on traffic as the railway scheduling is becoming more and more complex. They will not be able to meet the changing demand and because of this they cannot maximize profits as there will be increased operational costs. Being able to find the best technology like ARES in such a difficult choice environment is a strong competitive advantage.

A simple informative essay on child abuse Essay

Child abuse is the controlled acts that result in the physical or emotional damage of children. The term ?child abuse? covers different ranges of behavior, from physical assault by parents or gaurdians to neglecting a child. Child abuse is wrong and God didn?t create children for adults to abuse. They are blessings, not burdens. There is child abuse in the world because of ignorant people who want to feel powerful, so they beat on little kids and these kids think that violence against children is okay because their parents did it to them. They learn the wrong ways to parent a child, and this has to stop. It?s destroying our country. There are four main types of abuse: physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect. Neglect is the most popular type of abuse. There are two types of neglect: pysical and emotional. With physical neglect, a parent fails to provide physical things, like food, medical care and shelter. Emotional neglect is when a parent fails to comfort the child or not pay attention to them. This includes being unaffectionate to them or allowing them to use alcohol or drugs. Physical abuse is intentional acts of violence that can injure or even kill children. Signs of physical abuse may include unexplained bruises, burn marks or broken bones. Sexual abuse is when adults use children for sexual satisfaction or force them into sexual activities. It may begin with kissing and/or fondling and progress to more indulging acts, like oral sex or intercourse. Emotional abuse is when an adult destroys a child?s self-esteem. You can do this by repeated verbal abuse in the forms of shouts, threats, humiliating or degrading criticism. Other types of emotional abuse are confinement, like shutting children in a dark closet or basement, and what is called social isolation. Social isolation is like when an adult denies the child to have friends. In 1997, 3 million children in the U.S. were reported as abused or neglected according to the National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect. There is another 1 million children whose cases go unreported. If convicted of child abuse, the abusers could spend up to one month in jail. Not prison, jail. If these people do not go to prison, they should at least spend more than one  month in jail. These people are disturbed if they beat on innocent children. Is is a fact that 2,000 children under the age of 18 are killed by parents or their caregivers and more kids under the age of four die from abuse than falling down, drowning, fires, choking on food or car accidents. 18,000 abused children do not die from the abuse, they suffer permanent disibilites. When the public sees child abuse cases being reported in the news, they assume the abusers are mentally ill but fewer than ten percent of these people have mental disorders which is very sad. These people supposedly love their children, and what do they do to show their love? They batter their children, rape them and make them feel like it is their fault that it happened. It is said that they really love their children, but they have less patience and a less mature attitude than most parents. There is no excuse for mistreating children and society is making excuses saying that there are many reasons why someone would abuse a child. They use stress and being a social outcast as excuses and because of this, we are hurting our country?s future. The consequences of child abuse and neglect can be devastating on a child. The physical injuries can vary from bruises, scrapes, burns, possibly brain damage, permanent disibilities and even death. The psychological injuries of abuse and neglect can sometimes be worse than the physical. They can last a lifetime and can include a low sense of self-worth, a reduced attention span, learning disorders and an inability to realate to their peers. Severe cases of abuse may cause disorders like depression, anxiety, identity crisis and an increased risk of sucide. During the abuse process, the victim may fall into a life of violence and crime. Some children may show no signs of disturbance, and many can cope with their problems. It is said that having a high intelligence, excellent achievement in school, having close personal relationships and not having a temper may help vent all the mistreatment in their life. This is really sad, these children grow up and don?t expose the people who hurt them in their childhood. The abusers walk without any guilt hanging over them and they don?t have to pay the bad deeds that they did. This is the kind of thing that makes people sick when they watch the news and hear about all the abuse. It?s revolting. There are many types of social programs in the United States. Usually the country and state levels of these programs have attempted to reduce and prevent child abuse. There are current approaches to determine who could potentially be at high-risk of being abusers, such as a young, single, first-time mother. These programs provide parent training, counseling, eduation and social support by visiting the home frequently, ecouraging the parent to be involved in the community, since it is less likely for an abuser to be involved with his/her community, and increasing the gaurdian?s knowledge about social services. There is also a program that is for unmarried teenage mothers. It is a home visitation program and these people visit the mother?s home before or when the child is born for two or maybe more years. With all the mother?s in the program, only four percent have gone on to abuse their child. 19 percent of women not in the program abuse their child(ren). Sadly, there are studies that show the more intervention programs a family receives, the more abuse occurs in the family. Many children learn how to be violent from their parents and they grow up and mistreat their own children. With this, the abusive behavior becomes a cycle and is transmitted through the generations. 30 percent of abused kids become abusive parents, but two out of three percent of non-abused children become abusive. Children who experience abuse and violence may adopt this behavior and use it as an example for their own parenting. Thankfully the majority of victims of abuse do not become abusers. Experts believe that later in life, these kids realize their parent?s behavior was wrong. Children who believe that their behavior is what caused the abuse and and deserved it are more likely to become abusive parents than the children who believed their parents were wrong to abuse them.

REFLECTION PAPER #2 IRONY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REFLECTION PAPER #2 IRONY - Essay Example Abraham and his wife, Sarah, struggled to have a child for so long, and finally, God gives them Isaac. After some time, God tells Abraham to sacrifice Isaac: â€Å"Take now your son†¦whom you love†¦and offer him there as a burnt offering† (New King James Version, Genesis 22.2). This would be representative of irony in that Abraham has to kill the son he had wanted so badly. In my own life, although not nearly as dramatic as the Abraham example, I have experienced a similar sort of irony when my nephew died only a few hours after being born. My sister ended up getting pregnant as a teenager, and at first, she wanted to have an abortion, but eventually, she came to love the baby and wanted to give it up for adoption. The fact that he was born with such enormous health issues that ended up killing him, is somewhat ironic in this particular scenario. This ironic event shaped my own life, even though I was just 9 years old, in that I was able to personally see just how fragile life can be, and that it is important to value our lives while we have them. Because of that, I have always tried to live my life to the fullest and not waste a single moment. Within the latter half of Genesis, another example of irony occurs in the story of Joseph. As a boy, Joseph is sold into slavery by his brothers because they were jealous of him and the connection between him and their father. Ultimately, after many years of suffering, Joseph ends up as a relatively powerful person in Egypt, and his brothers come to him begging for food as a famine has taken over the land. Joseph now has the power to take revenge, but instead he forgives: â€Å"I am Joseph your brother, whom you sold into Egypt. But now, do not therefore be grieved or angry with yourselves because you sold me here†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (New King James Version, Genesis 45.4-5). Just as in the story of Joseph, I am able to identify a similar irony in my

International Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Business Management - Assignment Example However, the company remains pressed for resources and cannot afford to make the wrong decision when it comes to entering a new market. It is currently not in a position to bear high political, economic or regulatory risks. To this end, great potential exists in BRIC countries as the growth potential in these nations tends to be higher compared with the U.S. The founder of Genicon must, therefore, decide whether or not to enter the BRIC markets and, if so, which of these markets to enter. This decision must be made vis-a-vis the decision to continue to expand in European regions such as Germany. It is recommended that Genicon enters Brazil owing to low political risks and smooth regulatory environment. 2. Problem statement Genicon faces the problem of whether to enter into developed markets such as Germany or focus on existing markets or enter into BRIC countries. If it chooses to enter the BRIC economies then which economy should Genicon enter for maximizing its profits and growth p otential and minimizing its risks? 3. Analysis Genicon possesses over 10 years of experience in the sale of laparoscopic instruments within and outside U.S (Kupetz, Tindall, & Haberland, 2010). Internationalization may be active or proactive (Wild & Wild, 2012). However, Genicon’s internationalization has been largely proactive to take advantage of favorable business opportunities. Furthermore, the current marketing and distribution environment required firms to sell through GPOs which favored large companies owing to financial structure (Kupetz, Tindall, & Haberland, 2010). Hence, Genicon’s sales in the U.S were declining (Kupetz, Tindall, & Haberland, 2010). Additionally, international markets were providing higher growth rates as far as the market for MIS was concerned. Theory attributes internationalization to the strategic intent of the founder (Wild & Wild, 2012). The case suggests Genicon’s founder- Haberland to have had interest in entering emerging mark ets owing to their high growth rates. However, the biggest concern encompassing Genicon is which BRIC market to enter. It is important to analyze each BRIC economy from the perspective of various factors. Global legal issues such as intellectual property which faces threat of piracy may be important considerations for international businesses (Wild & Wild, 2012). In terms of the legal environment, India offered improvement in terms of shorter product launch times and tighter IP laws. Russia offered weak enforcement laws whereas China offered uncertain, slow and weak regulatory procedures (Kupetz, Tindall, & Haberland, 2010). Brazil, on the other hand, offered â€Å"internationally accepted† regulatory standards with the prospective introduction of the four-tier system (like that in the EU) which was favorable for Genicon. Considering that the role of government intervention is critical factor for startups, the BRIC countries need to be analyzed in terms of this aspect as well . India has been heading towards privatization. Political ideologies may range from being anarchist ( whereby personal and private groups have liberty) to totalitarian (where every aspect of people’s lives is controlled) (Wild & Wild, 2012). Pluralism exists in the middle whereby both public and private groups coexist (Wild & Wild, 2012). China seems to have moved towards pluralism in the wake of globalization with the

Study for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study for Business - Essay Example As a matter of fact, businesses around the world, that are looking forward to establish a foothold in a new or existent market with its ever changing consumer behavior and product - market dynamics are increasingly looking forward to opt for consulting services provided by various well established and renowned consulting organizations and agencies for a particular country or region to various agencies. Consulting is carried out mostly in order to serve one of the many purposes of the client comprises which comprises mainly of fulfilling company’s goals and targets, solving the client company’s problems related to the management, identifying and recommending new business opportunities across various markets, providing learning and helping the client with the process of implementing changes within the organization’s structure and processes (Kuber, 2012, p. 3-6). In other words, it can be said that consulting services are often rendered by industry experts with valu able and significant amount of work experience, besides having related product as well as market knowledge. A key factor that differentiates the service of consulting from any other service or product is that the client is purchasing a promise of satisfaction for the services provided by the consultant and expects that the advices and recommendations provided by the consultant will solve the company’s existing problems. Hence the services provided by the consultant needs to be impeccable, effective and highly accurate (Biech, 2003, p. 4-5). Possible Reasons of Failure There can be a multiple number of reasons that can be attributed for the fact of possible failures of a group project. The most important factor can be the fact of ineffective communication amongst team members. Ineffective communication amongst the team members leads to misunderstanding of the job roles and the required project functionalities allocated to them. Due to the cause of this, the team members most o f the time face difficulties in understanding the personalized project related goals and individual targets allocated to them. This also leads to highlighting of the fact that poor communication among team members leads to poor role clarity to the team members. Also, ineffective team communication arises from the ego factors of the team members involved. This also leads to an increased communication gap. Motivational factor of the team members is a huge factor for the success and effective execution of a group project. Team members, who have low level of motivation, which may arise out of several factors ranging from personal problems, marital problems, financial pressure, work related stress etc will have a low level of involvement, which may affect their performance and contribution to the group based project. Another vital factor is inefficient time allocation and time management for the project involved. Improper time allocation for the project leads to hurried completion of the project, in order to meet the deadline allocated for the project. This leads to overlooking and skipping of some of the important goals and objectives of the project (Team Building, 2009). Possible Corrective Measures In order to take effective steps for the purpose of prevention of the above mentioned reasons of failure, certain steps can be taken. For the purpose of

Near Field Communication (NFC) for WXPO Commerce Bank Essay

Near Field Communication (NFC) for WXPO Commerce Bank - Essay Example This is the reason for focusing mobile based services, as they are assumed to be an attractive and profitable business. However, there are many domains that can be categorized, one of them is called a mobile payment system. Researchers are continuously working to enhance mobile experience, consequently adding more services in to an affordable handheld device that can be convenient and cost efficient for both business and consumers. Previously, many mobile embedded services are launched. For instance, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Skype equipped with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Bluetooth communication radio, Infrared communication, Built-in Modems, browsers, online access to bank accounts via Internet etc. This shows that the researchers are constantly working to provide a one-time solution for the customers. For instance, a hand held device will become multipurpose device that may also eliminate security issues, as a single device is easy to manage. In the same contex t, mobile payment methods are in reach, as new field communication (NFC) is embedded in many mobile chipsets around the globe (Ondrus, Pigneur 2009). This technology will revolutionize the way of utilizing services that are provided on the cell phone. Consumers can use their cell phone for mobile payments, ticketing and bus fares etc. moreover, NFC also facilitate cell phones for device to device communication, retrieving signals from other chipsets and sensors. For instance, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and card emulations (Ondrus, Pigneur 2009). Overall, NFC is considered to be an efficient communicator for proximity interactions between any two or more devices. Likewise, NFC comprises of contactless smartcard and the cell phone. One significant advantage of using a contactless smartcard from the traditional smart cards made of plastic embedded with a magnetic strip or security chip is that the card reader becomes faulty. The reason for becoming faulty is the dust and gre ase that can degrade the capability of the reader. Moreover, cost is the second factor i.e. there is no requirement to produce a physical smart card. Furthermore, the contactless smart card is more convenient, as it travels with the consumer due to its integration in the cell phone. As NFC uses a very short range of communication i.e. approx. 1.5 inches, it is safe and secure for conducting an online transaction with such a small distance. No one can disrupt of hack in between the two communication nodes i.e. the contactless smartcard and the responder. Moreover, an organization named as Molo Rewards has recently introduced a program that is utilizing NFC technology. Consumers can download different coupons by swiping their cell phones at the point of purchase (†¦, Early days but wallet-less payments are the future  « As I learn 2011). Moreover, NFC supported phones are now widely available in many countries; organization has started to integrate RFID tags on the back cover o r casing of the cell phone (†¦, Early days but wallet-less payments are the future  « As I learn 2011). Furthermore, organization has mentioned these lines on their website â€Å"Want to send a coupon to a consumer who purchased a box of cereal on the 21st of December at 11am EST. MoLo Rewards can provide you with the

Consumer behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consumer behaviour - Assignment Example True to John’s case, he had a need for replacing the television he had lost due to burglary. He got an insurance compensation, and this; therefore, put him at the point of need to find another television set. Mr John explains that he could not imagine staying any longer in that state of boredom without getting a TV set, and this prompted him to think of how to capture one. Need recognition entails identifying the need, which he or she has to satisfy. This marks the beginning of the buying process. Notably, the identification of the need is the foundation of the buying process, since the customer has to satisfy an existing need. In this case, the desire to watch movies or TV programs was the process of the need recognition that led to the identification of T.V as the only thing that would satisfy the need to watch movies and programs and reduce boredom. Notably, need recognition is the most significant stage of the buying process because without a need there is no purchase. The second step involves the search for relevant information on the product identified that can satisfy the need. In this case, the customer looks around to identify the best product that would satisfy the need (Singh, 2007). Notably, the customer seeks for the best product in the market that would solve their problem. In this case, the search for relevant information would involve a search for information on TV sets from distinct manufacturers in the market. Most customers search for information through friends, relatives, adverts, the internet and catalogs and other booklets (Armstrong, 2009). In his response on whether he searched for various products before settling on Sony T.V, he acknowledged that he browsed the internet in search of different models and brands. He gave the reason for this as the fact that he did not want to buy the same model he had lost to burglary since its spare parts were not readily available at the local electronic shops.

Article Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Analysis - Assignment Example Constructing Conceptions of Central Banking Historically Central Banks acted as both bankers and government’s bank. As a government banker, the Central Banks helped in debt management, development programs, currency evaluation and public finances. As a private bank, it facilitated in maintaining banking stability and payment robustness etc. The role of the central banks as a government banker shows its historical links with fiscal policies. Over time, the primary role of the central bank has been confined in framing monetary policies. Previously, Keynes considered Central Banks as organs of state and instrument of government policy. Central banks role was to maintain economic and financial stability, check states control over currency and manage public finances. Prices of goods and services were fixed under the Keynesian regime. Friedman and Hayek claimed that the central banks should only try to check the powers of governments by controlling the money supply of the economy an d framing monetary policies (Marsh, 1992). ... All the nations in the EMU under this regime decided to use Euro as their common currency. The ECB was supposed to formulate the monetary policies for all these nations. The central bank of Germany, Bundesbank has seemed to highly influence the policies set by the ECB. Germany’s strong authorities in the EMU have made other nations suspect the virtues of ECB’s policies towards the economic progress of the EMU. Under this regime the governments of all these nationals had no power to control the monetary supremacies of ECB (Kolb, 2005). Both Super Strong and Extraordinarily Weak The ECB did not make direct public debts purchases and imposed high constraints in public debt financing. The member states in the EMU were instructed to maintain their budgets in balance or in surplus. If the budget deficit of a nation increased by 3% of its GDP then that nation was penalized under the regime of Excessive Deficit Procedure. Rather no implicit bail outs were offered on the failed government projects. ECB started to act as inflation tighter, while the supreme powers of the Bundesbank made other nations of the EMU hostile. Rather lack of funds started to imbibe economic crisis in the EMU. ‘The same dress does not fit everyone’, the German policies and norms introduced by ECB were highly unsuitable for many nations in EMU. The price stability and structural changes made in the labour market made income distributions inequitable between the European nations and also reduced the domestic demands (Szapary, 2000). ECB Anti-growth Bias and Pre-crisis Performance The ECB’s antigrowth biased monetary policies following the Stability and Growth Policy is actually responsible

EHarmony Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EHarmony Case Study - Essay Example The advent of new technologies has facilitated this change in social media and has made it a common activity. By 2005, the number of subscribers and user of social media and internet personals websites had increased with eHarmony recording over 15 million subscribers. This growth was attributed to a change in online dating perception. Currently, the social media industry has become extremely competitive and lucrative with companies employing different strategies to capture the market and increase customer base. Organizations have realized that apprehending the competitive forces and their fundamental roots discloses the causes of the industry’s present productivity (Porter, 2008). By the time online dating was gaining popularity, there had been few internet personals websites. For this reason, there was less competition in the industry. In the contemporary, competitive business environment, publicity is a significant facet of any organization. This therefore poses a great thre at to the existing business as more and more new entries are aiming the market in order to gain a share of the profits. This is therefore threatening the dominance of companies such as eHarmony an aspect that might affect even the overall returns of the company. The marketing strategy in the social media industry determines the profit potentiality of the company. For instance, Piskorski et al (2008) asserts that eHarmony centered on creating publicity through the owners who appeared in TV and radio programs including home news programs. The company focused on selling its unique features which yielded increased number of subscribers. According to Walker et al (2005), this is a competitive advantage that the company used to acquire a greater market share. In addition, eHarmony heightened its advertising campaigns in the radios and TV to capture wide audience. The contemporary social media have been characterized by fraudsters who have made people lose hope in finding serious mates in the internet personals websites. Arguably, social media sites have tried to employ a personality profile based on many questions, which discourage the not serious users from joining the site (Alex, 2010). For instance, eHarmony personality profile contains 258 questions, which portray seriousness of the subscriber. One of the major threats that online dating poses is erosion of culture. Initially, people had the chance to select his/her mate physically. This gave the person a chance to analyze the mate’s behavior and attitudes. With the current technology, this aspect has eroded. In addition young people will be exposed to early relationships an aspect that could expose them to early sex and marriages. This market therefore will lead to increased divorces and abusive marriages due to poor decision making before choosing the partner (Alex, 2010).. Increase of companies such as eHarmony would therefore reduce the time that was previously used to know your partner which is a thr eat to the new families. The company faces a great threat from ghost companies which retrieve money from the customers only to for the client to realize that the site has very few members. This mistrust by people creates a great threat to expansion of the company an aspect that hinders it to reach global standards. Another major threat that if facing companies such as eHarmony is lack of adequate resources to keep up with the increasing technological competition which makes communication easier. This

Mobile television Essay Example for Free

Mobile television Essay Mobile television is television watched on a small handheld or mobile device. It includes pay TV service delivered via mobile phone networks or received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations. Regular broadcast standards or special mobile TV transmission formats can be used. Additional features include downloading TV programs and podcasts from the internet and the ability to store programming for later viewing. According to the Harvard Business Review, the growing adoption of smartphones allowed users to watch as much mobile video in just three days of the 2010 Winter Olympics as they watched throughout the entire 2008 Summer Olympics – an increase of 564%. [1] DMB in South Korea History The first pocket-sized mobile television was sold to the public by Clive Sinclair in January 1977. It was called the Microvision or the MTV-1. It had a 2-inch CRT screen and was also the first television which could pick up signals in multiple countries. It measured 102Ãâ€"159Ãâ€"41mm and was sold for less than  £100 in the UK and for around $400 in the US. The project took over ten years to develop and was funded by around  £1.6 million in British Government grants.[2][3] Mobile TV is one of the features provided by many 3G phones. In 2002, South Korea became the first country in the world to have a commercial mobile TV CDMA IS95-C network, and mobile TV over 3G (CDMA2000 1X EVDO) also became available that same year. In 2005, South Korea also became the first country in the world to have mobile TV when it started satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB) services on May 1 and December 1, respectively. Today, South Korea and Japan are at the forefront of this developing sector.[4] Mobile TV services were launched by the operator CSL in Hong Kong, March 2006, on the 3G network.[5] BT in the United Kingdom was the among the first companies outside South Korea to launch Mobile TV in September 2006, although the service was abandoned less than a year later.[6] The same happened to MFD Mobiles Fernsehen Deutschland, who launched their DMB-based service June 2006 in Germany, and stopped it in April 2008.[7] Also in June 2006, mobile operator 3 in Italy (part of Hutchison Whampoa) launched their mobile TV service, but opposed to their counterpart in Germany this was based on DVB-H.[8] Sprint started offering the service in February 2006 and was the first US carrier to offer the service. In the US Verizon Wireless and more recently ATT are offering the service. In South Korea, mobile TV is largely divided into satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB). Although S-DMB initially had more content, T-DMB has gained much wider popularity because it is free and included as a feature in most mobile handsets sold in the country today. Challenges Mobile TV usage can be divided into three classes: †¢ Fixed – Watched while not moving, possibly moved when not being watched †¢ Nomadic – Watched while moving slowly (e.g. walking) †¢ Mobile – Watched when moving quickly (e.g. in a car) Each of these pose different challenges. Device Manufacturers challenges †¢ Power consumption – Continuous receipt, decoding, and display of video requires continuous power, and cannot benefit from all of the types of optimizations that are used to reduce power consumption for data and voice services. †¢ Memory – To support the large buffer requirements of mobile TV. Currently available memory capabilities will not be suited for long hours of mobile TV viewing. Furthermore, potential future applications like peer-to-peer video sharing in mobile phones and consumer broadcasting would definitely add to the increasing memory requirements. The existing P2P algorithms wont be enough for mobile devices, necessitating the advent of mobile P2P algorithms. There is one start-up technology that claims patentability on its mobile P2P, but has not drawn attention from device manufacturers yet. †¢ Display – Larger and higher-resolution displays are necessary for a good viewing experience. †¢ Processing power – Significan tly more processor performance is required for mobile TV than that used for UI and simple applications, like browsers and messaging. Content Providers challenges †¢ Mobile TV specific content – Mobisodes: mobile episodes of popular shows which are relatively shorter (3 to 5 minutes), to suit the likely viewing habits of the mobile TV user. Digital TV North America As of January 2012, there are 120 stations in the United States broadcasting using the ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV standard – a mobile and handheld enhancement to the HDTV standard that improves handling of multipath interference while mobile.[9] The defunct MediaFLO used COFDM broadcast on UHF TV channel 55. Like satellite TV, it was encrypted and controlled by conditional access (provided via the cellular network). It required a subscription for each mobile device, and was limited to the ATT Mobility or Verizon Wireless networks. Broadcast mobile DTV development While MediaFLO uses the TV spectrum and MobiTV used cell phone networks,[10] mobile DTV (ATSC-M/H) uses the digital TV spectrum. At the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) show in April 2007 in Las Vegas, the ATSC and 8VSB methods for delivering mobile DTV were shown. A-VSB (Advanced VSB), from Samsung and Rohde Schwarz, was shown at the previous years show. In 2007, LG, whose Zenith Electronics came up with 8VSB, introduced (with Harris Group) its Mobile-Pedestrian-Handheld (MPH) system. As the broadcast networks began making their content available online, mobile DTV meant stations would have another way to compete. Sinclair Broadcast Group tested A-VSB in fall 2006, and its KVCW and KVMY were participating in the mobile DTV product demonstrations at the NAB show. A-VSB had worked in buses at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Mobile television Show. ION Media Networks started a test station on channel 38, which was to be used for digital LPTV, to use for a single-frequency network (SFN). In some areas, more than one TV transmitter would be needed to cover all areas. Mobile DTV could have been used at that time because it would not affect HDTV reception. A single standard, however, had to be developed.[11] At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2009, the first prototype devices from LG and other manufacturers were demonstrated, including receivers for cars from Kenwood, Visteon and Delphi. It was announced that 63 stations in 22 markets would debut the service in 2009. Gannett Broadcasting president David Lougee pointed out that many of those attending the inauguration of Barack Obama would likely hear him but not see him; had the new technology been in place, this would not have been a problem.[12] In April 2009, the Open Mobile Video Coalition, made up of over 800 broadcast stations, selected four test stations: Gannetts WATL and IONs WPXA-TV in Atlanta, and Fisher Communications KOMO-TV and Belos KONG-TV in Seattle. WPXA had begun mobile DTV broadcasting on April 1. The others would start in May.[13] Later in 2009, ION said it was making available HDTV, standard definition and Mobile DTV streams using its affiliates in New York City and Washington, D.C. The triple-play concept was part of an effort to create a Mobile DTV standard. At the time, only those with prototype receivers could pick up the streams. ION Chairman and CEO Brandon Burgess said mobile DTV lets stations think beyond the living room and bring live television and real time information to consumers wherever they may be.[14] The Advanced Television Systems Committee started work on mobile DTV standards in May 2007, and manufacturers and sellers worked quickly to make the new technology a reality. The OMVC persuaded LG and Samsung to work together starting in May 2008 so that differing systems (possibly a self-destructing format war) would not delay or kill the technology. Early in July 2009, the ATSC Technology and Standards Group approved the ATSC-M/H standard for mobile DTV which all members green-lighted October 15. The public could be using the new devices by 2010, though watching TV on cell phones seemed unlikely in the near future since telephone manufacturers did not yet include that capability. The technology was expected to be used for polls and even voting.[15][16] By the end of the year, the ATSC and the Consumer Electronics Association began identifying products meeting the standard with MDTV.[17] Paul Karpowicz, NAB Television Board chairman and president of Meredith Broadcast Group, said This milestone ushers in the new era of digital television broadcasting, giving local TV stations and networks new opportunities to reach viewers on the go. This will introduce the power of local broadcasting to a new generation of viewers and provide all-important emergency alert, local news and other programming to consumers across the nation.[16] Later in July, the first multi-station tests began in Washington, D.C., while single stations in New York City and Raleigh, North Carolina already offered mobile DTV. The OMVC chose Atlantas WATL and Seattles KONG as model stations where product testing could take place. 70 stations in 28 media markets planned streams by the end of 2009. The Washington test would involve WPXW-TV, WUSA, WDCA, WRC-TV, WHUT-TV, WNUV in Baltimore, and WNVT, a part of MHz Networks, a multicasting service. All of the stations would have two of more channels each, with electronic service guide and alert data among the services. 20 sellers of equipment would use these stations to test using the existing standard, but testing the final standard would come later, and tests by the public would happen in 2010, when many more devices would be ready. Obviously, manufacturing large numbers of the devices could not take place without the final standard. LG, however, began mass-producing chips in June. ION technology vice president Brett Jenkins said, Were really at a stage like the initial launch of DTV back in 1998. There are almost going to be more transmitters transmitting mobile than receive devices on the market, and thats probably what youll see for the next six to nine months. Devices would eventually include USB dongles, netbooks, portable DVD players and in-car displays.[18] White House officials and members of Congress saw the triple-play concept in an ION demonstration on July 28, 2009 in conjunction with the OMVC.[19][20] Another demonstration took place October 16, 2009 with journalists, industry executives and broadcasters riding around Washington, D.C. in a bus with prototype devices. Included were those who would be testing the devices in the Washington and Baltimore markets in January 2010.[21] On August 7, 2009, BlackBerry service began on six TV stationsWISH-TV in Indianapolis; WAVY-TV in Hampton Roads, Virginia; KRQE in Albuquerque, New Mexico; WANE-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana; WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama; and KXAN-TV in Austin, Texas. 27 other stations will eventually offer the service, and LIN TV, which developed the BlackBerry service, has an iPhone application planned.[20] By October, 30 stations were airing mobile DTV signals, and that number was expected to be 50 by year-end. Also in the same month, FCC chair Julius Genachowski announced efforts to increase the amount of spectrum available to wireless services.[16] Also in August, WTVE and Axcera began testing a single-frequency network (SFN) with multiple transmitters using the new mobile standard. The RNN affiliate in Reading, Pennsylvania had used this concept since 2007.[22] Richard Mertz of Cavell, Mertz Associates says VHF wont work as well for mobile DTV because a 15-inch antenna or some other solution would be required, although he has heard from people who had no problems. An amplified antenna or higher power for the transmitting station would likely be needed, as well as repeater stations where terrain is a problem.[23] Lougee, whose company planned testing in its 19 markets in 2010, said the chip designs with the new devices made targeted advertising possible.[21] In December 2009, Concept Enterprises introduced the first Mobile DTV tuner for automobiles. Unlike earlier units, this one will provide a clear picture without pixilation in a fast-moving vehicle, using an LG M/H chip and a one-inch roof-mounted antenna. No subscription wil be required.[24] Also in December, the Consumer Electronics Association hosted a plugfest in Washington, D.C. to allow manufacturers to test various devices. More than 15 companies, and engineers from different countries, tested four transmission systems, 12 receiver systems, and four software types.[17][25] On December 1, News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch said mobile DTV would be important to the future of all journalism, and he planned to offer TV and possibly newspaper content in this way.[26] At the January 2010 Consumer Electronics Show, NAB head Gordon H. Smith disputed the idea that broadcastings days were numbered, calling mobile DTV the proof over-the-air television would continue its popularity. He said people would use cell phones and other devices to watch, and broadcast technology would be the best way to do this. Wireless broadband, which some wanted to replace broadcasting, would not be able to handle the demand for video services.[27] IONs Burgess showed off one of the first iPhones capable of receiving mobile DTV, while IONs Jenkins showed an LG Maze and a Valups Tivit; the latter sends signals to the iPod Touch and will soon work with the Google Nexus.[28] Sinclair Broadcast Group director of advanced technology Mark Aitken said the mobile DTV concept of multiple transmitters would help free up spectrum for wireless broadband in rural areas but not large cities. He also explained to the FCC that mobile DTV was the best method for sending out live video to those using cell phones and similar devices.[29] The OMVCs Mobile DTV Consumer Showcase began May 3, 2010 and lasted all summer. Nine stations planned to distribute 20 programs, including local and network shows as well as cable programs, to Samsung Moment phones. Dell Netbooks and Valups Tivits also received programming.[30] On September 23, 2010, Media General began its first MDTV service at WCMH-TV in Columbus, Ohio and had plans to do the same a month later at WFLA-TV in the Tampa Bay, Florida area and five to seven more stations in its portfolio.[31] On November 19, 2010, a joint venture of 12 major broadcasters, known as the Mobile Content Venture, announced plans to upgrade TV stations in 20 markets representing 40 percent of the United States population to deliver live video to portable devices by the end of 2011.[32] Brian Lawlor, a Scripps TV senior vice president, said that, in September 2011, Scripps stations would offer an app allowing people with an iPhone or iPad to see emergency information (e.g. weather bulletins) in the event of a power outage.[33] In 2012, a number of stations plan to conduct tests of the Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS), a system to deliver emergency information via mobile DTV.[34] In January, 2012, the MCV announced that MetroPCS would offer MCVs Dyle mobile DTV service. Samsung planned an Android phone capable of receiving this service late in 2012.[35] At the end of 2012, Dyle was in 35  markets and capable of reaching 55 percent of viewers.[36] At the NAB show in April 2012, MCV announced that 17 additional television stations will launch mobile DTV, bringing the total to 92, covering more than 55% of US homes. Included are stations in three new markets – Austin, Texas, Boston, Massachusetts, and Dayton, Ohio.[37] In September 2012, WRAL-TV announced rollout of a Mobile Emergency Alert System based around mobile digital television technology.[38] A process called Syncbak uses cell phones rather than TV spectrum.[39] References [1] [2] [3] [4] Looking for TV Genius? | Red Bee Media (http:/ / www. tvgenius. net/ blog/ 2011/ 01/ 31/ 4-ways-smartphones-save-tv/ ) Clives achievements (http:/ / www. sinclair-research. co. uk/ about-srl. php) Sinclair Research Video and TV gear (http:/ / www. retrothing. com/ video_tv/ index. html), Retrothing.com NYTimes.com via Yahoo! Finance: Mobile TV Spreading in Europe and to the U.S. (http:/ / biz. yahoo. com/ nytimes/ 080506/ 1194771946810. html?. v=18), May 6, 2008 [5] 3G UK: The service is based on the Golden Dynamic Enterprises Ltd. (http:/ / www. 3g. co. uk/ PR/ March2006/ 2732. htm)s VOIR Portal (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0EIN/ is_2006_Dec_4/ ai_n16881105) and follows the 3GPP standard 3G-324 M. The same service is also deployed to Philippines in 2007. [6] ZDnet: BT ditches mobile TV service (http:/ / news. zdnet. co. uk/ communications/ 0,1000000085,39288247,00. htm), 26 July 2007 [7] Broadband TV news: MFD hands back German T-DMB licence (http:/ / www. broadbandtvnews. com/ ?p=4682), May 1, 2008 [8] The Register: DVB-H rockets ahead in Italy (http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2006/ 07/ 28/ dvbh_success_in_italy/ ), 28 July 2006 [9] OMVC announces sizable growth in number of MDTV stations at CES | RF content from Broadcast Engineering (http:/ / broadcastengineering. com/ RF/ OMVC-mobile-DTV-presence-announces-growth-CES-01192012/ index. html) [10] Thompson, Mark (2010-06-03). mobile tv cell phone networks: (http:/ / mobitv. com/ technology/ managed-service-platform). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-06-03. [11] Dickson, Glen (2007-04-14). NAB: Mobile DTV Hits the Strip (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 108538-NAB_Mobile_DTV_Hits_the_Strip. php). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-21. [12] Dickson, Glen (2009-01-11). CES: Broadcasters Mobile DTV Moment (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 161893-CES_Broadcasters_Mobile_DTV_Moment. php?rssid=20102 q=broadcasters+ mobile+ dtv+ moment). Broad casting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [13] Dickson, Glen (2009-04-20). NAB 2009: Broadcasters Set Mobile DTV Test Markets (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 209447-NAB_2009_Broadcasters_Set_Mobile_DTV_Test_Markets. php?rssid=20068 q=broadcasters+ set+ mobile+ dtv+ test+ markets). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [14] Dickson, Glen (2009-06-29). ION Broadcasts Mobile DTV in N.Y., D.C.: Hails Its Digital TV Triple Play (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307120-ION_Broadcasts_Mobile_DTV_in_N_Y_D_C_. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-02. [15] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-06). ATSC-M/H voted to proposed standard status (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307463-Mobile_DTV_is_Almost_Official. php?rssid=20065 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-08. [16] Dickson, Glen (2009-10-16). Mobile DTV Standard Approved (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358341-Mobile_DTV_Standard_Approved. php?rssid=20292 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [17] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-16). ATSC Launches Certification Program For Mobile DTV (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 440764-ATSC_Launches_Certifica tion_Program_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20102 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [18] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-13). Special Report: Mobile DTV Heats Up (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 314792-Special_Report_Mobile_DTV_Heats_Up. php). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-15. [19] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-22). ION, OMVC Organize DTV Showcase in D.C. (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 316065-ION_OMVC_Organize_DTV_Showcase_in_D_C_. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-22. [20] Eggerton, John (2009-08-07). LIN TV Develops Blackberry App For Mobile TV Service (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 326796-LIN_TV_Develops_Blackberry_App_For_Mobile_TV_Service. php?q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-08-11. [21] Eggerton, John (2009-10-16). OMVC Does Mobile DTV Tour (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358415-OMVC_Does_Mobile_DTV_Tour. php?rssid=20103 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-23. [22] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-18). WTVE Tests SFN For Mobile DTV (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 441031-WTVE_Tests_SFN_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20065 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [23] Jessell, Harry A. (2009-09-24). Digital VHF Needs A Power Boost (http:/ / www. tvnewscheck. com/ articles/ 2009/ 09/ 24/ daily. 2/ ). TVNewsCheck. . Retrieved 2009-10-15. [24] Gilroy, Amy (2009-11-09). First Mobile DTV Car Tuner At $499 (http:/ / www. twice. com/ article/ 388144-First_Mobile_DTV_Car_Tuner_At_499. php/ ). TWICE. . Retrieved 2009-11-10. [25] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-02). Mobile DTV Picks Up Speed (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 394993-Mobile_DTV_Picks_Up_Speed. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [26] Eggerton, John (2009-12-01). Murdoch Says Mobile TV Is Key to Future (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 391233-Murdoch_Says_Mobile_TV_Is_Key_to_Future. php?rssid=20070 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [27] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-07). CES 2010: Broadcasters Tout Mobile DTV Progress (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 442953-CES_2010_Broadcasters_Tout_Mobile_DTV_Progress. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [28] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-09). NAB Shows Off New Spectrum Applications (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 443352-NAB_Shows_Off_New_Spectrum_Applications. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13.

Language as a badge of identity Essay Example for Free

Language as a badge of identity Essay Language is used every day to communicate with one another but beneath that conversation lies another message. The speaker’s use of language gives listeners insight as to who they are, like a badge of identity on their chest. Australian English’s unique phonology and lexicon is recognised globally and distinguishes it from other accents, giving the speaker a clear national identity. Ethno-lects are spoken by a specific group of people who have the same cultural background. These â€Å"ethno-lects† not only help express an individual’s identity and separate themselves from the rest, but also assist in bringing together speakers from similar backgrounds; much like a football jersey. Text speak is constantly evolving as lexemes are taking on new changes. Many teenagers and younger children have begun to adopt this in an attempt to identify with others and fit in. Through language, we can get a glimpse of a person’s identity but they can use the same medium to change that identity as well. Australian English is unlike other Englishes in many different aspects, especially phonetically morphologically and semantically. Phonology plays a great role in national identity as it is what creates different accents. The broad, ocker Australian accent with its trademark nasal, flattened vowels is one of the key elements of Australian linguistics that sets it apart from the rest of the world. Diphthongs in lexemes like â€Å"high† are more rounded, resulting in /hoÉ ª/. Phonetic features such as these are easily identified as Australian. Slang is another feature of Australian English that sets it apart from others. Replacing suffixes with vowels is a good example of this. â€Å"Afternoon† becomes â€Å"arvo†, names like â€Å"Barry† becomes â€Å"Bazza† and by replacing the last element with an ‘-o’, the adjective â€Å"povo† has undergone a word class shift from the noun â€Å"poverty†. Popular culture has also influe nced Australian English, with ABC television series J’amie, Private School girl introducing a semantic and word class shift of ‘quiche’ (a noun meaning a savoury open-faced pastry) to an adjective to describe an attractive individual. Australia’s linguistic innovation displays individuality and opposes claims that slang is borrowed from America.  Australian English shows both national pride and identity. Teenagers are at the age when they are starting to establish their identity. Neologisms are created by teenagers to claim a different identity from that of children or adults. As adults become more familiar with these lexemes and their use, teenagers abandon them or alter the semantics and use to maintain a linguistic barrier. A good example of this is the well-known acronym â€Å"lol† which stands for Laugh Out Loud. As more adults become aware of this lexical item and start to include it in their daily texts, teenagers have brought it into speech as an exclamatory and discourse particle. The case of the letters now also alters the semantics; when typed in lower-case, â€Å"lol† is sarcastic whilst â€Å"LOL† in capital letters shows true amusement. It is evident that this constant changing of terms by teenagers is a sign of rebellion and an effort to keep a linguistic barrier between themselves and adults, thus maintaining a separate identity. The malleability of the lexicon is taken advantage of by teenagers to form a linguistic barrier between themselves and unwanted people such as adults and other teenagers who don’t belong in their group. Thus, a unique identity is maintained. While teenagers are constantly seeking to separate themselves from children and adults, they are also pressured to conform to the teenage group. Acronyms such as â€Å"idek† (I don’t even know) and â€Å"tbh† (to be honest) are now frequently used lexicon in a teenager’s text vocabulary due to connotations of â€Å"cool† and â€Å"modern† being associated with them. Similarly, whatever was once popular amongst a teenager’s discourse. In time, it was shortened to â€Å"whatevs† and this trend spread quickly amongst them as a result of peer pressure and the need to be fashionable. Professor Steven Pinker suggests the reason for this is because â€Å"the coolest kids decide to talk that way and it spreads like wildfire†. Individuals who wish to associate with others who sit higher on the â€Å"social pyramid† will pick up their speech habits and wear it as a new badge of identity. Having their own exclusive vocabulary allows teenagers to relate to each other and share the same identity, giving them a sense of belonging to a group. Language can be worn as a badge of identity, giving speakers national,  interpersonal and intrapersonal identity. The phonology of Australian English gives the speaker a distinct accent and, paired along with its unique slang, makes it identifiable across the globe. In order to separate themselves from adults and children, teenagers build a linguistic barrier by creating neologisms and maintaining that barrier by constantly altering lexicon to avoid adults becoming too familiar with them. On the other hand, inside the teenage group is a drive to conform and use similar language in an attempt to fit in with peers and to have a sense of belonging. Language is used as a badge of identity regardless of what that identity is. Bibliography Das, S, 2005. Struth! Someones nicked me Strine. The Age, 29 January. 34. Seaton, M, 2001. Word Up. Guardian, 21 September. 46.

Contemparary Issues In International Hrm Management Essay

Contemparary Issues In International Hrm Management Essay In wide range of market economies, human resource management plays an important role. Analysis and evaluation of HRM have become major themes in, policy, academic and practitioner literatures (ref: human resource management by Julie Beardwell and Tim Claydon, 5th edition). In any organization, the main objective of the Human Resource Management function is to check that the most effective use is made of its human resources(ref :global excellence ) International HRM has been characterized by three broad approaches. Comparative HRM: It is one of the approaches in IHRM using which HR Management in MNCs (multinational companies) understands the reasons for similarities and cross- national differences in HR practice in the countries in which they operates. Before exploring this in detail, it is necessary to understand the institutional distinctiveness of National Business Systems (NBS) as it is the main reason for cross-national differences in employment policy and practice. Distinctiveness of NBSs: Global economy can be defined as amalgamation of different individual and independent nations. While majority of these nations are capitalist, they have followed unique and different path ways for their industrial capitalism .Each market economy is shaped by its distinctive economic, political and social characteristics which are embedded in its social system. Hall and Soski (2001) have done an academic work on NBSs by considering US, UK, Germany and Japan. Writer of this assignment explored. Hall and Soskis academic work and identified following things: Capitalist economies are of two types Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) and Co-ordinated Market Economies (CMEs).These creates different national patterns of corporate strategy. These also determine different labour laws and regulations around funding etc. US and UK economies are liberal with less government involvement in labour market and funding regulations. Provision of funds operates with in open market. Here capital providers like pension fund managers provides funds, on short term basis and expects rapid returns. It is more focused on the value created for shareholders with in short time scale. US is highly liberal market with highly developed stock and capital markets to reinforce market relations.UK even though liberal and capable of innovation .But low level of institutional regulator in labour and capital markets, skills education hinders its capability Germany and Japan economies are treated as CMEs where there is less free market for equity capital and most of the shares are owned by founders of firms, and have institutional fund providers supported by state provides funds as a credit and they look at long term prospective also their labour market is highly regulated. Germany is coordinated market economy which can exhibit incremental innovation and change and has sustained competitive advantage in manufacturing due labour and capital regulation. Due to these Distinctiveness of NBSs discussed above Comparative HRM approach is needed for MNCs to understand Cross-national differences in HR policy and practice. Researchers found differences in training, pay practices, industrial relations and employees representations between different nations. These differences which are impacting HR policy can be well understood, if we consider part time employment in Europe as more and more employers are using part time employees as a method of matching labour demand and supply on temporary basis and also European commission is promoting part time employment to combat unemployment. If we examine OECD stats, highest part time employment in UK can be explained due to lack affordable childcare facilities, state tax and welfare policies and availability on more students for part time etc. At the same time if you consider Spain which has less part-timers can be explained due to existence of fixed term contracts (full time) available in labour market. Also in UK part time means 17 HRs a week and in France part-time means 21.5hrs a week. Due to these differences, it is challenging for any global company to have HR strategy in different countries. USA has the weakest system of employment protection .Less or lack of regulation reduces barriers or constraints faced by employers, weather this result in improved performance is another issue for argument. If we take Germany it is a quiet contrast labour market is regulated and Germany human resource and employment relation policy and sectoral collective bargaining are deeply integrated in its society as a method of determining the wage. Almost 80%of German employees are covered by this creating good working conditions and standardisation of pay . Also training and human resource planning policies and institutions are governed by government, trade unions and employers. Sometimes these types of policies are treated as constraints for IHRM, weather it is true or not is another issue. This comparative approach doesnt take into account about the effects of multinationals and multi cultures have on HR strategy and policy. Cross -cultural approach Culture is a of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices that characterizes an company or institution (Asgary and Walleor, 2002) or a complicated socially constructed system which includes art, law, knowledge, beliefs, customs, morals and any other habits and capabilities acquired by human as a member of society (Banerjee, 2008). There exists ,many criticisms towards the cultural approach by HRM academics, out of  which Hofstede, Trompenaars and Laurent are confined in centre of attraction, as well being ambiguous when using ethnographic approach. The individualism has also a very different apprehension, from one civilization to another, and may not be always completely different from collectivism. Although, Hofstede and Trompenaars believe an apparent association between attitudes and  behaviour, on account of that, there is assumption that specific cultural attitudes would lead instantly to particular type of behaviour. They have as well been accused of disregarding cultural framework, having motionless determination which does not locate principles in historical growth and relationship between community and institution. Again, there is a problem of accreditation of one culture to entire national structure, which masculinity and femininity are inappropriate names and that structure of four-dimension app roach could be easily questioned (Beardwell et al. 2001, pp.642-643). Hofstedes (1980a) approach was one of the first attempt to develop a universal framework for understanding cultural differences in managers and employees values based on a worldwide survey, although not the only one. The argument here is that this work was starting point, both for serious academic research, and for managers working across culture to make a first estimate of the differences in organizational values which may exist among different countries(ref: international hrm: a cross cultural approach by Terence Jackson). Hofstedes work focuses on value systems of national cultures which are represented by five dimensions (1991). Power distance This is the extent to which inequalities among people are seen as normal. This dimension stretches from equal relations being seen as normal to wide in equalities being viewed as normal. Uncertainty avoidance This refers to a preference for structured situations verse unstructured situations. This dimension runs from being comfortable with flexibility and ambiguity to need for extreme rigidity and situations with a high degree of certainty. Individualism This looks at whether individuals are used to acting as individuals or as part of cohesive groups, which may be based on the family (Chinese societies) or the corporation (Japan: Hui, 1990). The dimension ranges from collectivism to individualism. Masculinity Hofstede (1980a) distinguishes hard values such as assertiveness and competition, and the soft or feminine values of personal relations, quality of life and caring about others, where in a masculine society gender role differentiation is emphasized. Long-term Vs short-term Orientation: This distinguishes peoples choice of focus for their actions; values that foster virtues oriented towards future rewards (persistence, perseverance) vs fostering virtues related to the present and past (eg :stability, respect for tradition) (Romani in Harzing Van Ruysseveldt, 2004; Jackson 2002) Multinational approach Multinational human resource management is an important function in multinational organizations. Multinational human resource management functions cover many different activities related to a business organizations employees and contractors. The first and most important is the staffing needs of the company whether staff members are company employees or outside contractors. Functions include Recruiting and training employees Performing at expected levels Handling performance issues Multinational human resource management is the fastest-growing subset of human resource due to the growing trend for global business operations. Companies can apply one of the three different approaches to managing and staffing their subsidiaries (Francesco, Gold, 1998). Different models and their advantages and disadvantages are as below Ethnocentric. Centre of operations from the home country makes key decisions, employees from the home country hold important  jobs, and the subsidiaries follow the home country resource management practice. Companies following the ethnocentric approach assume the home country approach is best and that employees from other parts of the world can and should follow it. Advantages and Disadvantages of using local employees as staff in multinational subsidiaries (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 1995) are as below Advantages Lower labour cost Acceptance of the company by the local community Maximizes the number of options available in the local environment Leads to recognition of the company as a legitimate participant in the local economy Effectively represents local considerations and constraints in the decision making process Disadvantages Makes it difficult to balance local demands and global priorities Leads to postponement of difficult local decision until they are unavoidable, when they are more difficult, costly and painful than they would have been if implemented earlier May make it difficult to recruit qualified personnel May reduce the amount of control exercised by headquarters Polycentric Each subsidiary manages on a local basis. A local employee heads a subsidiary  because headquarters managers are not considered to have adequate local knowledge. Subsidiaries usually develop human resource management practices locally. Advantages Cultural similarity with parent company ensures transfer of business/management practices Permits closer control and coordination of multinational subsidiaries Gives employees a multinational orientation through experience at parent company Establishes a pool of multinational experienced executives Disadvantages Creates problems of adaptability to foreign environment and culture Increases of the subsidiary May involve high transfer and salary costs May result in personal and family problems Leads to high failure rate Has disincentive effect on local management morale and motivation May be subject to local government restrictions Geocentric or global. The company that applies the global integrated business strategy manages its staff and employees on a global basis. Advantages In developing an international managerial team in global context Overcomes the federation Co-operation and resource have sharing across units Disadvantages Most of local citizens employed demands by host government Extensive documentation is required References Richard C. Hoffman Frank M. Shipper (2012): The impact of managerial skills on employee outcomes: a cross cultural study, The International Journal of Human Resource Management Brent MacNab, Richard Brislin Reginald Worthley (2012): Experiential cultural intelligence development: context and individual attributes, The International Journal of Human Resource Management. David G. Collings (2012): International Human Resource Management: Policies and Practices for Multinational Enterprises, The International Journal of Human Resource Management PAPER 2 Culture Definition Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for perceiving, interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them (p. 9). Lederach, J.P. (1995). Nature of Culture Every nation possesses at minimum some differences such as laws, government and history when compared to others. The more nations in which a multinational organization works the more compound and complicated will be their HRM policies that effect business performance. Its common for the MNCs to work together with multiples of other countries. Variations in the national cultures pertaining to different countries and degree of complexity in understanding the cultural differences is one of the main challenges faced by IHRM in its modern and global operations. Importance of Human Resource Management Human resource management plays a key role in the organization in recruiting the most effective human resources into the organization. In achieving the organizational goal, the HR professional make of activities include sourcing, development, reward and performance appraisal towards the employees. In this process the Human resource managers have different mind sets towards the organizational goal. There are mainly four mind sets Ethnocentric In this ethnocentric, major strategic decisions are made at the headquarters of the organization. They are managing the subsidiaries by the expatriates from the home country. Polycentric In this polycentric, multinational enterprise treats their subsidiary as a distinct national entity. Regiocentric In this regiocentric, decisions are made within a geographic region. In decision-making, the regional managers enjoy a degree of regional autonomy and they not be promoted to headquarters. Geocentric In this geocentric, they follow global approach to its operations, identify the each part and make a unique contribution with its unique competence. Hofsteds Study The research of the author Geert Hofstede, primarily reliant on review data attained from two organization approach studies performed has offered seminal insights of the changing cultural tendencies over the global barriers. A group of five dimensions are recognized involving power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, Long-term versus short-term orientation and Masculinity versus femininity Power/Distance It explains about the degree of inequality in among the people with and without power. In this case, when the power/distance is high that indicates the society is in an unequal distribution of power and people in the system. Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) In this individualism, it explains that the individual are expected to take care of themselves and their related families only. In this collectivism, it means that the individual are expecting their relatives or group of members to take care after them in exchange for not loyalty. Masculinity Vs Femininity (MAS) In this dimension, the masculinity represents they preference the society for heroism, assertiveness, achievement and reward for success. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) In this uncertainty avoidance dimension, explains that the degree in which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. Long-Term Vs Short-Term Orientation (LTO) In this long-term orientation, they deal with societys search for virtue. In this dimension, people believe the truth on basis on situation, context and time. They also have ability to allow traditions to changed conditions and determination in achieving results. In this short-term orientation, they have strong concern with establishing the absolute truth; they think in normative way, respect the traditions and focus on achieving quick results. RECRUITMENT Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. -by Edwin B. Flippo In every organization or company, recruitment plays a role in human resource in achieving the organization goal. Recruitment is a continuous process in which the company attempts to develop a pool of qualified applicants for the future human resources and needs even though specific vacancies do not exist. TYPES IN RECRUITMENTS INTERNAL RECRUITMENT Recruitment takes place within the organization. In the internal recruitment they recruit the employees from their own organization by three sources Transfers Promotions Re-employment of ex-employees In this way, the organization can save the money, time and efforts. By this approach the organization can have drawback in refrains the new blood into the organization. Internal recruitment has some advantages and disadvantages Advantages Quickly and cheaper to recruit Employees are well-known to same business and operations Opportunities for promotions within the organization Disadvantages Numbers of potential applicants are in limits No new ideas can be implemented EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT External recruitment takes place outside the organization. The sources for the recruitment into the organization are Advertisements Employment exchange Labour contracts Educational institutes It involves a lot of time, money and effort in recruiting of new applicants into the organization. There are some advantages and disadvantages in the external recruitment Advantages New ideas come from new people Identify the right person for the right job Experience employee Disadvantages Big process to recruit the new applicants More expensive RECRUITMENT IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE In international organizations, it is not easy to recruit the people from different cultural backgrounds and Human resource managers need to identify and ensure that the recruited people are eligible and having right skills and knowledge for the right position in the international role. Culture plays a key role in recruitment process in the organization. It involves in hiring talent from different cultures and it can influence in key recruitment practices such as interviews, assessments and applicants. Understanding the persons cultural background determine not only what holidays they celebrate, which language they speak but virtually we must understand and aspect of social and professional life is important. Diverse cultural backgrounds, different behaviours and attitudes can create confusion, misunderstandings and false perceptions are some factors while hiring new employees into the organization. For example: Job interviews conducted by the UK Company in INDIA may not get effective result in hiring the best candidates as a result of large cultural differences in between two countries. There are some keys areas in which the interview may fail as a lack of cultural awareness and cross cultural differences. In UK culture, the people are openness and directness are highly valued so that, the UK interviews may tend to ask the questions around the professional background of applicants. But in INDIA culture, people are some where they are closed-minded and may be difficult for the Indian people to tell for the direct questions and make them uncomfortable and not respond appropriately. In UK culture, the interviewer interviews the candidates in face to face .Face to face communication plays important role in recruitment. But in the case of INDIAN culture, there are different steps in recruiting the candidates such as writing test, communication test and then finally interview test. Another factor difference in culture between UK and INDIA while in interviewing the applicant the most important is eye contact. In interview process, the eye contact is most important that means it shows the applicant is confidence. References http://www.carla.umn.edu/culture/definitions.html http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/culture.html http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html http://recruitment.naukrihub.com/meaning-of-recruitment.html http://www.managementstudyguide.com/types-of-recruitment.htm http://blog.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/hiring-overseas-can-cultural-awareness- training-help-hr-professionals-manage-the-economic-crisis/ Paper 3 INTRODUCTION In this globalization, there are plenty of imperative and expatriate managers in doing international improvements for the challenging implications for IHRM. The development of multinational in the emerging countries is important factor in which to analyze and realize the organization structures and policies in complex situations. The imperative and expatriate managers from host and third countries into the home country organization in order to hold potential in developing of future global managers. In todays business environment, the globalization was approaching the status of a strategic norm and it is becoming strategic necessity. In increasing of business globalization there is necessarily of adaptation of human resource procedures, people and identifying the people who can facilitate the organization adaptation of global strategies while responding to local markets and competition. In the globalization, in competitive field the organization must develop their managers and protect them as core competencies which the company allows to compete effectively. In this growing consensus, the organization must have global human resource management architecture, reflecting the quantity and quality of global managers may be important resources of the organization capability to compete in the competitive world. IHRM IN EMERGING MARKETS In present economic environment, emerging markets are treated as economic engines for growth of MNCs in developed and matured economies. These emerging markets are important as they are rapidly expanding in certain areas like population, economic growth rate and having the opportunities or risk to attract the investors. Countries such as MEXICO, ARGENTINA, TURKEY, RUSSIA, POLAND, BRAZIL, CHINA, SOUTH AFRICA, INDIA and SOUTH KOREA are some of the emerging nations. In future, the vast majority of the population is to be in emerging countries due to this global expansion. There is rapid growth in emerging markets, which shows that there is more demand for both industrial and consumer goods and services. In the near future MNCs from emerging countries will have common uniqueness appropriate to European and United States based MNCs. Main difference is in economic development and cultural distance between the developed and emerging countries and it is the main reason for increase in the requirement of HR managers in MNCs, who are willing, capable ,understand and manage cultural differences between these distinct countries. If a HR manager is from native emerging county, they have ability to understand and forecast the future in different specific socioeconomic and cultural situations and add strategic value to MNCs. Most of the MNCs expanding their business into emerging markets and they need managers with specific social knowledge and ability to conduct revenue generating business in these countries. These MNCs believe in managers who can effectively operate in economically/culturally distant countries and this is key resource for creating competitive advantage and finally success for MNCs in the global market. MNCs treat HRM as important, knowledge intensive core competency, which have to be developed within the organisation. They treat this as must have to maintain competitive advantage over other organisations or other MNCs. This strategic international human resource management is focus on building process and procedures for utilizing personnel as a competitive asset. In recent survey they found that 81% of the companies felt, to expand their organization into emerging countries (expatriate manager program, 1997). In achieving the organization goal, in this competitive world the international human resource management managers identify the framework for emerging countries which is shown below. A conceptual framework of strategic HRM for emerging MNEs Internationalization Outcomes IHRM Philosophy, policy, practice Internationalization Drivers Practice Staffing, evaluating, rewarding and developing a global workforce Expatriation Vs Impatriation Talent attraction retention Vs diversity management Policy Fit between corporate subsidiary Centralized Vs Decentralized in decision-making Control communication Internal drivers Corporate vision mission Corporate structure strategy Resource seeking via MA Efficiency orientation Experience in international business Choice of host country Industry size External drivers Domestic global competitive demands Changing global market environment Government policy resource support Invited by developing host countrys government to revitalize economy Networking with local firms to industrialize Global village concerns Satisfy multiple stakeholders Cultural sensitivity local responsiveness Economic development in industry sectors Social harmony, peace and stability MNE goals Effectiveness in resource allocation Global competitiveness Global co-ordination integration Flexibility, learning and further expansion Other important emerging context specific variables (including geo-political factors) Philosophy National culture Vs Corporate culture Global integration Vs Local responsiveness Sinocentrism Vs Globalism INTERNATIONALIZATION DRIVERS There are both external and internal drivers of internationalization similar to those proposed in the prior models as the background of Strategic Internationalization Human Resource Management (SIHRM). Two distinctive drivers for internationalization of MNCs at the global level are domestic and global competition demands and global market environment. In present decades, many emerging countries economics have adopted major economic reforms and they have largely integrated into global economics. For example: In recent decades, China has become emerging country in global economics. Most of the multinational corporations have identified the China market and they establish their operations and created enormous competitive pressure. Due to the globalization, the market environment was changing with the increasing free flow of information, flow of capital, and labour that helps in facilitate networking and transactions between internally and abroad. Multinational enterprises have more opportunities and threats in free market conditions. Of course they have more opportunities but they have to face different cultural dimensions and organizational frameworks both in home and in the host countries. They also face the challenges in order to adjust their policy and practices in response to the changing environments. Therefore the internal and external drivers for the internationalization of MNCs are most combined and create confluence effects. STRATEGIC IHRM PHILOSOPHY, POLICY AND PRACTICE SIHRM is essentially for the balancing MNCs inter-unit and within unit and also the needs for differentiation and standardization. SIHRM policy formulated with three concerns similar to those established MNCs First, they think about the subsidiaries that it manages independently or to be managed by the headquarters way of the MNCs. Second, they need to devote considerable energy, time and financial resources towards managing their global workforce. They have take decision making use of resources in achieving the goal of ultimate effectiveness in resource allocation by using either centralization or decentralization depending on circumstances. Third, they have to decide whether in sending the staff from headquarters or need to recruit the resources from locally, regionally and globally in order to carry out tasks generated in first and second points. The importance and roles of these international staff is able to control, co-ordinate and facilitate communication between headquarters and subsidiaries. IHRM practices are most important to the strategy need of any MNCs of those practices related to evaluating, rewarding, staffing and developing a global workforce. Of course the MNCs have lack in managerial experience and impatriate the managerial staff to the headquarters and allow the general staffing issue to local subsidiaries. It is important to acknowledge both the internal and external fit in the organization and internal fit for the set of IHRM philosophy, policy and practices and external fit for the environment. INTERNATIONALIZATION OUTCOMES In organizational level, the IHRM play a key role in achieving the effectiveness in resource allocation, efficiency, global integration, global competitiveness, flexibility and learning. But they also need to take into account are national, industry, global and community levels of concern when multi levels of drivers are considered. In general HRM often considers employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. But it is difficult in multinational organization to satisfy the needs of the employees. It is important and need to recognize local conditions when applying the IHRM across different cultural and institutional environments in the globalization. By positive results, the organizations would provide feedback so that they could analyze the alignment of their corporate strategy, structure and systems and strengthen existing IHRM. It indicates that the outcomes from home and host countries, that the policy makers has focus on further development in further expansion.